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Haemorrhoids (piles) are swollen and inflamed veins located in the rectum and anus. They are similar to varicose veins and can be classified as internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the anus).
read more about haemorrhoids ...The mechanism of formation is chronic, excessive pressure on the veins in the lower rectum. Causes include straining during bowel movements, chronic constipation, long periods of sitting, and pregnancy.
Internal haemorrhoids cause bright red bleeding with bowel movements without much pain. External haemorrhoids create swelling, itching, and sharp pain around the anus. A firm, tender lump can signal a clot within an external haemorrhoid. Mucus leakage and skin irritation can follow frequent wiping. Warm baths and stool-softening strategies reduce strain and discomfort.
Diagnosis is usually made during a physical exam. External haemorrhoids are visible. Internal haemorrhoids are checked using a gloved finger or a short tube (anoscope) to view the anal canal.
Haemorrhoids do not directly impact vision. However, the excessive straining required during severe constipation can cause a sudden, sharp increase in blood pressure in the head. This pressure can rupture small blood vessels on the eye's surface (subconjunctival hemorrhages), causing noticeable redness.
Management involves increasing dietary fibre and fluids to soften stools and reduce straining. Over-the-counter creams or suppositories are used for symptom relief. Procedures like rubber band ligation or surgery are used for severe or persistent haemorrhoids.
Yes, haemorrhoids are very common, affecting about three out of four adults at some point in their lives.
Bleeding is common, but any rectal bleeding should be evaluated by a doctor to rule out more serious conditions like colon cancer.
Yes, a high-fibre diet is the single most effective preventative measure against haemorrhoids.
Seek care if an internal haemorrhoid becomes "prolapsed" (bulging outside) and cannot be pushed back in. A "Thrombosed" external haemorrhoid causes sudden, excruciating pain and may require a small surgical incision by a specialist to remove the clot.
Mayo Clinic. Hemorrhoids (mayoclinic.org). 2025.
NIDDK. Hemorrhoids Information (niddk.nih.gov). 2016.
NHS. Piles (nhs.uk). 2025.
ASCRS. Hemorrhoids A-Z (fascrs.org). 2025.