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What Is an Eye Infection?

An eye infection is an inflammation or disease of the eye caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. The most common infection is conjunctivitis (pink eye), but other infections include blepharitis, cellulitis, dacryocystitis, endophthalmitis and uveitis. Infections range from mild irritation to vision-threatening conditions and may affect one or both eyes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.

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What Is an Eye Infection?

An eye infection is an inflammation or disease of the eye caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. The most common infection is conjunctivitis (pink eye), but other infections include blepharitis, cellulitis, dacryocystitis, endophthalmitis and uveitis. Infections range from mild irritation to vision-threatening conditions and may affect one or both eyes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.

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Causes of Eye Infections

Pathogens enter the eye through contact lens wear, injuries, contaminated makeup or poor hygiene. Viruses like herpes simplex type 1, varicella zoster and adenovirus cause many infections. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common culprits. Fungal infections can occur after surgery or injuries involving plant material. Sleeping in contact lenses and not cleaning them properly increases infection risk.

Symptoms to Watch

Symptoms include red eyes, itching or irritation, eye pain, watery eyes, swelling, discharge ranging from watery to yellow pus, crusting of eyelashes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision and sometimes fever. Symptoms vary depending on the type of infection. Contact an eye care provider if you have these signs.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis involves a thorough eye exam and may include swabs of discharge for laboratory testing. Treatment depends on the cause: antibacterial drops or ointments for bacterial infections, antiviral medications for viral infections, antifungal drugs for fungal infections and antiparasitic treatment when needed. Symptoms may improve within 24 to 48 hours of appropriate therapy. Home care includes warm compresses, lubricating eye drops and avoiding allergens.

Prevention and Outlook

Prevent infections by washing your hands often, properly cleaning and replacing contact lenses, wearing protective eyewear when needed and not sharing towels or eye makeup. Avoid sleeping in contacts and discard eye cosmetics if you develop an infection. Prognosis is generally good with prompt treatment, but some infections like keratitis or endophthalmitis can cause severe vision loss if untreated.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are eye infections contagious?

Many viral and bacterial eye infections are contagious and can spread through direct contact or contaminated objects. Practice good hygiene and avoid touching your eyes to prevent spreading the infection.

Do I need antibiotics for pink eye?

Viral conjunctivitis does not respond to antibiotics and typically clears on its own. Bacterial conjunctivitis may require antibiotic eye drops. Your doctor can determine the cause and recommend appropriate treatment.

How long do eye infections last?

The duration depends on the cause. Viral infections may last one to two weeks. Bacterial infections often improve within days of starting antibiotics. Fungal and parasitic infections may require longer treatment.

Can I wear contacts with an eye infection?

No. Remove contact lenses until the infection has completely resolved and your doctor confirms it's safe to resume wearing them. Wearing contacts during an infection can worsen symptoms and prolong recovery.