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Addison's disease is a rare hormonal disorder characterized by the adrenal glands (located atop the kidneys) not producing enough steroid hormones, cortisol and, sometimes, aldosterone. It is also known as primary adrenal insufficiency.
read more about addisons disease ...The cause is usually an autoimmune response, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the adrenal cortex. The condition involves low levels of cortisol (which regulates metabolism and stress response) and aldosterone (which regulates blood pressure and sodium).
Symptoms often progress gradually and include persistent fatigue, muscle weakness, and weight loss. Low blood pressure can cause dizziness or fainting, while salt cravings are common due to low aldosterone levels. The skin may darken in areas like elbows, knuckles, and scars. Some people experience nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain, particularly during periods of stress or illness. Without treatment, symptoms can worsen and lead to a life-threatening adrenal crisis.
Addison's disease can impact eye health due to hormonal imbalance. Patients may experience dry eyes and photophobia (light sensitivity). The hormonal fluctuations can also rarely cause changes in tear film quality or visual function, requiring corrective measures like artificial tears.
Treatment involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy. Patients take oral medications (corticosteroids) to replace the missing cortisol and aldosterone. Dosage adjustments are needed during times of stress, illness, or surgery.
The main risk is an adrenal crisis, a life-threatening situation where the body lacks sufficient cortisol to cope with stress. Symptoms include severe pain, vomiting, and loss of consciousness, requiring immediate injection of high-dose corticosteroids.
The hyperpigmentation usually improves once the hormone replacement therapy is started and the disease is controlled.
No, Addison's disease is rare, affecting about 1 in 100,000 people.
President John F. Kennedy was widely reported to have had Addison's disease.
Addison's can cause "Adrenal Crisis", sudden vomiting and low blood pressure. If you have Addison's and notice your vision becoming "dim" or yellowed (Xanthopsia), it may be a sign of electrolyte imbalance or medication toxicity. See an endocrinologist urgently.
MedlinePlus. Addison Disease (medlineplus.gov). 2025.
Mayo Clinic. Addison's Symptoms (mayoclinic.org). 2024.
NHS. Addison's Disease (nhs.uk). 2025.
Endocrine Society. Adrenal Insufficiency Guidelines (endocrine.org). 2016.