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A speculum is a medical instrument used to gently open or hold apart a body opening so a healthcare provider can see inside. It is most familiar in pelvic exams, where a vaginal speculum helps the provider view the vagina and cervix. Speculums can also be designed for the nose, ear, rectum, or other body openings. The device is used for examination, screening, sample collection, and certain minor procedures.
read more about speculum ...A speculum is used when a provider needs a clear view of an internal opening without making an incision. In gynecology, it can help with pelvic exams, Pap tests, cervical swabs, IUD procedures, and evaluation of bleeding or discharge. Nasal and ear speculums help providers inspect smaller passages with better visibility. The specific use depends on the body area being examined and the patient’s symptoms or screening needs.
Vaginal speculums are the best-known type and are commonly made of plastic or metal. Nasal speculums help open the nostrils during an exam, while ear speculums attach to an otoscope to help view the ear canal and eardrum. Rectal or anal speculums may be used during certain colorectal exams or procedures. Reusable metal speculums must be sterilized between patients, while single-use plastic speculums are discarded after one exam.
The provider chooses a size and shape that fits the exam, then inserts the speculum carefully into the body opening being checked. For a pelvic exam, the vaginal speculum is opened slightly after insertion so the cervix can be seen. The provider may collect cells, take swabs, inspect tissue, or perform a minor procedure while the speculum is in place. After the exam, the speculum is closed and removed slowly.
A speculum exam can cause pressure or mild discomfort, but it should not cause severe pain. Patients can ask the provider to stop, use a smaller size, add more lubricant when appropriate, or explain each step before continuing. Sterile or single-use equipment helps lower infection risk. New bleeding, strong pain, fever, or unusual symptoms after an exam should be reported to a healthcare provider.
It can feel uncomfortable or cause pressure, especially if the muscles are tense or the tissue is irritated. Severe pain is not expected, so patients should tell the provider right away if the exam hurts.
No. A speculum can be used for Pap tests, pelvic exams, swab collection, IUD-related care, and evaluation of symptoms such as bleeding, discharge, or pelvic pain.
Speculums used in clinical care should be sterile, properly disinfected, or single-use. Metal speculums are sterilized between patients, while disposable plastic speculums are thrown away after use.
Yes. Patients can ask for a smaller speculum, slower insertion, more explanation, or a pause during the exam. Comfort and consent are part of proper care.
Speculum: Design, Purpose, Types & Exams. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/24238-speculum. Date Accessed June 15, 2026.
Pap Smear. MedlinePlus Medical Test. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pap-smear/. Date Accessed June 15, 2026.
What Is a Pelvic Exam? Planned Parenthood. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/wellness-visit/what-pelvic-exam. Date Accessed June 15, 2026.
Pelvic Examination. MSD Manual Professional Edition. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/approach-to-the-gynecologic-patient/pelvic-examination. Date Accessed June 15, 2026.
Gynecologic Pelvic Examination. StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534223/. Date Accessed June 15, 2026.